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°£¤F¤W­zªº³o¤­½g½×¤å¡AÁÙ¦³«Ü¦h¨ä¥L¬ÛÃöªº½×¤å¨S¦³³Q¦¬¶i¨Ó¡C¨Ò¦pº~»y¥¢»y¯g©M¥¢Åª¯gªº¬ã¨s¡Aªº½T¬O¦¨¥\ªº§â°ò¦»PÀ³¥Î¦X¤@ªº¬ã¨s¡C¤]³\¦b¤£¤[ªº±N¨Ó¡A§Ú­Ì·|¦A§@¤@¦¸§V¤O§â§ó¦hªº¦n¤å³¹¦¬½s¶i¨Ó¡C¥xÆWÀ³¥Î»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¨ä¹ê¤w¸g°µ¤F¤@¬q®É¶¡¡A¤]¦³¤@©wªº¦¨´N¡A³o¨Ç¦¨ªG¥²¶·Åý¨ä¥L»â°ìªº¬ã¨sªÌª¾¹D¡A¤~·|¦³§ó¦hªº·s¦å¥[¤J¡CÀ³¥Î»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¦b¥xÆWªº´¶¤Î¬O«ü¤é¥i´Áªº¡I
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Human Factors Implications of Working Memory Limits
§õ¥ÉÖq ¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
Yuh-shiow Lee / Department of Psychology
National Chung Cheng University

¥»¤å³Ì¥D­nªº¥Øªº¬O±´°Q¤u§@°O¾Ð®e¶qªº­­¨î¤Î»P¨ä¬ÛÃöªº¯S©Ê¦b¤H¦]¤ß²z¾Ç¤¤ªº·N²[¡C §@ªÌ´N¤u§@°O¾Ðªº¥|­Ó¥D­n¯S©Ê¨Ó°Q½×³o­Ó°ÝÃD¡G¡]1¡^¤u§@°O¾Ðªº®e¶q¦³­­¡F¡]2¡^§Q¥Î²Õ¶ô¥i¥H¼W¥[¤u§@°O¾Ðªº®e¶q¡F¡]3¡^°T®§«O¯d¦b¤u§@°O¾Ðªº®É¶¡µu¼È¡F¡]4¡^Àx¦s¦b¤u§@°O¾Ð¤¤ªº½s½X­Y¬Û¦P¡A·|³y¦¨¤zÂZ¡C ¤u§@°O¾Ð¬JµM¬O©Ò¦³¸û½ÆÂø»{ª¾§@·~ªº¡u¤u§@¥­¥x¡v¡A¦b³]­p¨t²Î©Î§@·~®É´X¥G³£¥²¶·¦Ò¼{¨ì¥H¤Wªº´X­Ó¯SÂI¡A¥H¹F¨ì´£°ª¤u§@®Ä²v¡B´î§C¿ù»~µo¥Íªº¥Øªº¡C


ÃöÁäµü¡J¤u§@°O¾Ð¡B¤H¦]¤ß²z¾Ç¡B¤H¦]¤uµ{¡B°O¾Ð®e¶q¡Bµu´Á°O¾Ð

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³q°T³B:¡]621¡^¹Å¸q¿¤¥Á¶¯¶m¤T¿³§ø160¸¹ ¤¤¥¿¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]05¡^2720411Âà6090 ¶Ç¯u¡]05¡^2720857
E-mail¡Gpsyysl@ccunix.ccu.edu.tw

The main purpose of this article was to discuss human factors implications of working memory capacity limits and other related characteristics. Four main characteristics of working memory and their relationship to the system and task design were reviewed; (1)The capacity of working memory is limited; (2)Working memory capacity can be expanded through chunking; (3)Without rehearsal, information will disappear quickly from working memory; (4)Storing the same or similar codes in working memory will cause code interference. Working memory has been considered a workbench for many complex cognitive tasks. To facilitate efficiency and reduce errors in the process of human system interaction, it is crucial to take the above-mentioned characteristics of working memory into account when designing a system or task for human use.


Keywords: working memory, human factors psychology, memory capacity, short-term memory

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Debiasing Hindsight Bias: An Application of the Reason-Generation Procedure
±i¹ÅÂz ¤¤­ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
§õ¥É´f ¤¤­ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
Chia-Pi Chang / Department of Psychology Chung Yuan University
Ju-Whei Lee / Department of Psychology Chung Yuan University

¥»¬ã¨sªº¥D­n¥Øªº¬Oµý¹ê¦CÁ|²z¥Ñµ{§Ç¬°¤@ºØ¥h°£«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~ªºµ{§Ç¡A°£¤F¾A¥Î©ó¤@¯ë©Êªº±`ÃÑ°ÝÃD¤§¥~¡A¤]¾A¥Î©ó¯u¹êªº¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó¡C¹êÅç±Ä¥Î¤@­Ó2¡]°ÝÃD«¬ºAÅܶµ¡G¤@¯ë©Ê±`ÃÑ°ÝÃD/¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó¡^x 3¡]¦CÁ|²z¥ÑÅܶµ¡G¦CÁ|¤ä«ù²z¥Ñ/¦CÁ|¤Ï»é²z¥Ñ/¤£¼g²z¥Ñ¡^ªº²V¦X¹êÅç³]­p¡A¹êÅçµ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡G¦CÁ|²z¥Ñµ{§Çªº½T¥i¥H¦P®É¾A¥Î©ó±`ÃÑ©Ê°ÝÃD¥H¤Î¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó¤W¡A¦ý¬O¥u¦³¦CÁ|¤Ï»é²z¥Ñ¤~¯à¦³®Ä¦a´î¤Ö«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~¡A¦CÁ|¤ä«ù²z¥Ñ«h¤£¯à¡C

ÃöÁä¦r¡G«á¨£¤§©ú°¾»~¡B¥h°¾»~µ{§Ç¡B¦CÁ|²z¥Ñ¡B¤@¯ë©Ê±`ÃÑ°ÝÃD¡B¥¼¨Ó¨Æ¥ó

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Email¡Gleslie@giga.net.tw

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¬ü°ê±K¦è®Ú¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h¡]»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç¡B§PÂ_»P¨Mµ¦¡^ / ¤¤­ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]320¡^®ç¶é¿¤¤¤Ãc¥«´¶©¾¨½´¶¤¯22¸¹ ¤¤­ì¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]03¡^4563171Âà3410 ¶Ç¯u¡]03¡^4372089
E-mail¡Gjwlee@mbox.cycu.edu.tw

The main purpose of the present study is to confirm that the procedure of reason generation, previously adopted to reduce hindsight bias in general-knowledge questions, is applicable to future events. A 2 (question type: general-knowledge questions/future events) x 3 (reason type: pro/con/no reason) mixed factorial design is employed in the present study. The results show that the procedure of reason generation is applicable not only to general knowledge questions but also to future events. However, only the generation of the con reason can effectively reduce hindsight bias. The generation of the pro reason has no such effect.


Keywords:hindsight bias, debiasing procedure, reason generation, general-knowledge questions, future events

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Aviation Safety: Applications of Basic Research on Perception and Attention
§õ¡@·Ô ¤W®üªÀ·|¬ì¾Ç°|ªÀ·|¾Ç¬ã¨s©Ò
Yei-Yu Yeh / Department of Psychology
National Taiwan University

¥»¤åªº¥D­n¥Øªº¬O¤¶²Ðª¾Ä±»Pª`·N¤Oªº­­¨î¦b¯èªÅ»â°ìªº·N²[¡A¤Î¨ä¦p¦ó¥i³QÀ³¥Î©ó¨t²Î³]­p¡B­¸¦æ­ûºÂ¿ï¡B»P­¸¦æ­û°V½m¡C¥H¥Øµø­¸¦æ¦Ó¨¥¡A¦b³\¦h±¡¹Ò¸Ì¡Aµøı®e©ö¨ü¨ë¿E¯ßµ¸ªº¼vÅT¦Ó²£¥Í¿ùı¡A¾É­P­¸¦æ­û°µ¥X¿ù»~ªº§PÂ_¡C¥H»öªí­¸¦æ¦Ó¨¥¡A»öªíªº³]­pÀ³¦Ò¶q¤HÃþµøıªº¯à¤O»P­­¨î¡A¥H´£¨Ñ³Ì¨Îªº°T®§µ¹­¸¦æ­û¡C»öªíª©­±ªº³]­p¤]À³°w¹ï¤£¦P§@·~¯ßµ¸ªº¦Ò¶q¡A§Q¥Îª¾Ä±ªº¯S¼x¨Ó§e²{°T®§¡A§ó¤£¥i©¿²¤¤£¦Pª©­±ªº³]­p¦b¬Y¨Ç§@·~¸Ì¥i¯à³y¦¨§PÂ_ªº§xÃø¡C°£¤Fª¾Ä±ªº­­¨î¡A¨t²Î³]­pªÌ¤]»Ý¯d·Nª`·N¤O­­¨îªº·N²[¡A§Q¥Î¤£¦Pªº¤è¦¡´£¿ô­¸¦æ­û¡A¥HÁקK¿ï¾Ü©Î¶°¤¤ª`·N®Éªº­­¨î¡A¥H¤£¦P·P©x³q¹D»P¤¶­±³]­p¨Ó­°§C­¸¦æ­û°õ¦æ¦h­«§@·~®Éªº¤ß´¼­t²ü¡C¦¹¥~¡A­¸¦æ­ûªººÂ¿ï»P°V½m³£À³¦Ò¶qª¾Ä±»Pª`·N¤Oªº­­¨î¡A¥HºÂ¿ï¥XÀu¨qªº­¸¦æ­û¡A¨Ã¦w±Æ¸g¹L¯S§O³]­pªº°V½m½Òµ{¡A¨Ï­¸¦æ­û¯à²ß±o¾A©yªºª`·N¤O¤À°t»P±±¨î¡C


ÃöÁäµü¡J¤H¦]¤uµ{¡B¯èªÅ¦w¥þ¡Bª¾Ä±¡Bª`·N¤O

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¬ü°ê¥ì§Q¿Õ¤j¾Ç­»Âb¤À®Õ¹êÅç»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h / ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]106¡^¥x¥_¥«Ã¹´µºÖ¸ô¥|¬q1¸¹ ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
¹q¸Ü¡]02¡^23630231Âà2374Âà7311 ¶Ç¯u¡]02¡^23659798
E-mail¡Gyyy@ccms.ntu.edu

Limitations on vision, perception, and attention represent major bottleneck in information processing and decision making. In this introductory article, illusions and perceptual misjudgments in various aviation contexts are described. Human factors issues in display design are then discussed with emphasis on the applications of basic vision and perception research. Examples are illustrated to demonstrate how basic research can be applied to the development of avionic displays and display formats. Whereas perceptual characteristics such as gestalt organization can be implemented in object display format, attention-related issues are also important in the design of display format. Through these examples, the contribution of basic research to system design, pilot selection, and pilot training is highlighted.


Keywords: human factors, aviation safety, perception, attention

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Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision and its Applications
¸­¯À¬Â ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
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Su-Ling Yeh / Department of Psychology National Taiwan University
I-Ping Chen / Center of General Education National Yang-Ming University

¹ï¨ã¦³¥¿±`¦â±mµøıªº¤H¦Ó¨¥¡A ­Y¯à¾A·í¿ï©w¤TºØ¦â¥ú¡A¨Ã½Õ¾ã¨ä¦U¦Ûªº±j«×«K¥i¥H²V¦¨¦UºØÃC¦â¡C¦¹ºØ¥²¶·­n¤T¦â¤è¯à¹F¦¨°t¹ïªº¤ß²zª«²z¹êÅç¡A¥iÂǥѼƾǦ¡ªº±À¾É¦Óª¾§^¤H¤º¦b³B²z¨t²Îªº¼Æ¥Ø¥²¬°¤T¡C¥»¤å¤¶²Ð¦â±mªº¥\¯à¡B¦â±m¬ã¨sªº¯S¦â¡A¨Ã¥H¦â±m°t¹ï¹êÅç¸Ñ»¡¤T¦â²z½×¡]trichromatic theory¡^ªº­ì²z¥H¤Î¨ä¦b¶q´ú»PÅã¦â¨t²Î¤è­±ªºÀ³¥Î¡C¾A¤Á¦aÁA¸Ñ¤T¦â½×ªº°ò¥»­ì²z±N¦³§U©ó¹ï¦â±mÀ³¥Îªº¥¿½T»{ÃÑ¡A¥H¤Îºt¦â§Þ³Nªº¬ð¯}»P³Ð·s¡C


ÃöÁäµü¡G¤T¦â½×¡B¦â±m°t¹ï¡B°ê»Ú·Ó©ú¨ó·|¡B¦â±m¹Ï

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¬ü°ê¥[¦{¤j¾Ç¬f§JµÜ¤À®Õ¤ß²z¾Ç³Õ¤h¡]»{ª¾¤ß²z¾Ç²Õ¡^ / ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t°Æ±Ð±Â
³q°T³B:¡]106¡^¥x¥_¥«Ã¹´µºÖ¸ô¥|¬q1¸¹ ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¤ß²z¨t
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E-mail¡Jsuling@ccms.ntu.edu.tw

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Various colors can be obtained by mixing three appropriately chosen chromatic lights. Such color matching experiments had been taken as strong evidence to support the trichromatic color vision theory. The function of color vision, the diversity of color vision research, and the mathematical expressions of trichromatic theory and its applications are explained in this article. Links between the fundamental principles of the trichromatic theory and various color applications are also stressed in the text.

Keywords: trichromatic theory, color matching, CIE, chromaticity diagram

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Gamma Correction for Monitors Used in Psychological Experiments
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I-Ping Chen / Center for General Education National Yang-Ming University
Su-Ling Yeh / Department of Psychology National Taiwan University

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Color monitors are widely used by experimental psychologists as a major visual display device. There is an inherent nonlinear output property of the monitor that can greatly affect the results of experiments where the intensity level or contrast of the stimuli is of any significance. Measures taken to ameliorate this problem have been generally called "Gamma correction" in engineering fields. The physical cause of such nonlinearity, together with the correction procedures by software to the precision for experimental purposes are discussed in this article. Downloadable software tools and instructions are also provided.


Keywords: Monitor, Gamma correction, video memory, color palette, color lookup table


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